PHRD554 Public Health Practice Test

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• Diseases that are always present in a community, usually at a low, constant frequency are described as having which pattern?
• Health literacy is best described as which of the following?
• Which statement best defines program sustainability?
• If a new curative therapy shortens the duration of illness, what will happen to the incidence of the disease?
• The prime cause of illness resulting in death in the poor tropical and subtropical regions today is ______.
• Incidence is defined as the number of what, per population at risk, during a defined period?
• What is a confounding variable?
• What is a logic model's role in program planning and evaluation?
• Which of the following things cause malaria?
• Which factors are social determinants that influence chronic disease outcomes?
• Which of the following is an essential element of grant proposals for public health programs?
• RE-AIM framework.
• Which measure reflects the number of new cases occurring in a population during a defined period?
• Health behavior theories can help: which statement is correct?
• Which statement best describes the concept of 'reach' in program implementation?
• What is data governance?
• Predictive value depends on which factors for a diagnostic test?
• Why is alignment with funder priorities important in grant proposals?
• Which study design follows individuals over time to observe incidence?
• Bioethics in public health emphasizes which core principle?
• Which option correctly describes the essential feature of selecting participants in a case-control study?
• What is confounding by indication best described as?
• Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Affordable Care Act as described?
• Prevalence is defined as the number of what, per population, at a given time?
• What is a p-value, and what does it tell you?
• Which level of prevention is focused on preventing disease before it occurs?
• Which statement best describes social determinants of health?
• Define statistical power.
• In what year did the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control enter into force?
• Which of the following is NOT typically used as a criterion for causal inference in epidemiology?
• Which models address self-efficacy?
• What is confounding by indication?
• In which scenario is a health impact assessment most appropriate?
• A Pap smear performed on a teenager attending contraception counseling illustrates which level of prevention?
• Distinguish relative risk and odds ratio.
• Which essential public health service involves enforcing laws to protect health?
• Which step involves analyzing the relationship between dose and adverse health effects in environmental risk assessment?
• PAP smear in teenager seeking oral contraceptives is which level?
• For a highly fatal disease with short duration, which statement is true?
• Which study design is best suited for calculating incidence rates in a population?
• Geospatial analysis uses which technology to analyze spatial relationships in disease data?
• Which description best defines a cross-sectional study?
• What does intersectoral collaboration involve?
• To study exposure factors in an outbreak with clearly defined cases, which study design is commonly employed?
• Which step is part of performing a simple power calculation for a study?
• What is HIPAA and why is it important in public health practice?
• Which of the following is an element that demonstrates alignment with funder priorities in a grant proposal?
• Bias is best defined as:
• An epidemic that becomes unusually widespread and global is referred to as a ______.
• Which elements are used to measure community readiness for change?
• What is the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle used for?
• In typical outbreak investigation, which step is traditionally the final step?
• Which statement distinguishes formative and summative evaluation?
• What characterizes a capacity-building approach in public health programs?
• Define the basic reproductive number R0 and its public health implications.
• Screening for HIV infection in a man with a serious productive cough falls under which level of disease prevention?
• Which statement best describes a hallmark of retrospective cohort studies?
• The inference that disease X is two times more prevalent in city B than city A using mortality rates is flawed because of failing to distinguish between prevalence and what?
• Distinguish internal validity from external validity.
• Which of the following describes an equity indicator in health disparities assessment?
• What does incidence measure in epidemiology?
• MMR vaccination for a 15-month-old infant is an example of which level of disease prevention?
• For the six-month period, 26 new active TB cases occurred in a population of 183,000. What is the incidence rate per 100,000?
• Which statement best describes an ethical framework for public health practice during emergencies?
• Diseases due mostly to environmental changes, increased population densities, and pollution that result from modernization in third world nations are referred to as:
• Which term reflects coordination across multiple sectors to improve population health?
• Which is a correct step in an outbreak investigation?
• Which statement best describes a cross-sectional study?
• Which is a common safeguard for protecting privacy in public health data?
• About what fraction of the world’s population has chronic diseases that are vector-borne?
• Which statement best describes the role of surveillance in public health and provides examples of systems?
• What is the correct distinction between efficacy and effectiveness?
• What term is used for a disease outbreak that spreads beyond a single country or region to a global scale?
• What is a needs assessment in public health planning and what methods are used?
• Plotting an epidemic curve is useful in outbreak investigations because it helps determine the type of outbreak and timing. Which option is correct?
• Which statement about effective health communications best reflects what they cannot do?
• Public health surveillance is defined as:
• What constitutes an environmental justice concern in public health?
• What is a health impact assessment?
• What is the difference between a cross-sectional and a cohort study?
• The herd immunity threshold refers to:
• Which item is not part of a capacity-building approach?
• Which statement best describes the focus of process evaluation in a public health program?
• What is cluster sampling?
• When assessing air quality exposure and health outcomes, which step is essential to relate exposure to health outcomes?
• A disease vector is defined as ______.
• What term describes illnesses caused by modernization-related environmental changes and population growth in developing nations?
• What is a stakeholder analysis used for in program planning?
• How do rate ratio and rate difference differ?
• Explain the role of ethics in public health data collection and sharing.
• Most of the major health problems in poorer nations are due to ______.
• Sensitivity and specificity definitions.
• Which of the following is not an advantage of a prospective cohort study?
• Which statement is true about the pathogen that causes malaria?
• Residents of three villages were asked to participate in a survey to identify carriers of a disease. The proper classification is:
• Which is NOT a typical component of a health communication campaign plan?
• Which set of ethics principles is commonly identified in public health ethics?
• In GIS-enabled public health surveillance, spatial analysis primarily helps to:
• Which components are included in the RE-AIM framework for evaluating public health interventions?
• Which description best defines a case-control study?
• Which statement about the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is true?
• In cohort studies of a suspected etiologic factor, which condition is essential to minimize bias?
• Screening a diabetic patient for retinopathy is which level?
• Plasmodia are the causative agents of which disease?
• What is community-based participatory research (CBPR) and why is it valuable?
• What are the three core public health functions?
• Examining historical height and weight records of a university freshman cohort to see if related to coronary heart disease developed by 1986 is an example of which study design?
• What is the purpose of a needs statement in grant writing?
• To minimize confounding in a cohort study, researchers should ensure groups are similar with respect to what?
• Which statement about epidemic diseases is true?
• Geospatial analysis in public health primarily uses which tool to map patterns and spatial relationships?
• What is a primary role of ethics review boards (IRBs) in public health research?
• Incidence rates measure new cases over a period; prevalence measures existing cases at a given time. This statement describes their relationship. Which option is correct?
• Global health security is focused on which of the following?
• Screening asymptomatic individuals for HIV infection is which level of prevention?
• In the health behavior example, which factor is most consistent with low engagement due to perceived vulnerability?
• Which statement best describes data governance in health systems?
• Why was the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control considered an important milestone?
• What is stratified sampling?
• Which combination of ethics principles is central to public health ethics, often with confidentiality and reciprocity?
• Which statement best differentiates health promotion from disease prevention?
• The social ecological model is best described as:
• Physical therapy after a stroke is an example of which level of disease prevention?
• Which statement defines endemic in epidemiology?
• Which of the following options correctly defines how sensitivity and specificity are calculated?
• Tetanus shot after puncture wound is which level of prevention?
• Which item is a key element of grant writing for public health funding?
• A survey was used to classify health status in a community at a single point in time to examine carriers of a disease. What is the proper study design?
• In public health, screening refers to which practice?
• What is "risk of bias" and how can it be mitigated in public health studies?
• Which measure is used in case-control studies, and when does it approximate relative risk?
• Which evaluation type would best answer whether the program reached its target population as planned?
• Which study type uses existing records to identify a cohort at the start and follow outcomes from past data to the present or future?
• What is a sampling frame?
• The social ecological model includes which levels?
• What is the primary focus of process evaluation?
• In public health, how do health equity and health equality differ?
• In MAP-IT, which component involves determining current capabilities and gaps before planning actions?
• In vaccination program planning, what is the primary objective of herd immunity?
• Environmental justice concerns are addressed through which combination of actions?
• Which statement best describes how a case-control study starts?
• In health communication materials, which feature most directly enhances readability and impact?
• Which statement about changing a diagnostic threshold is true?
• Which statement correctly defines incidence and prevalence?
• Environmental health focuses on:
• Which Ten Essential Public Health Service involves mobilizing partnerships and communities to solve public health problems?
• Which principle is NOT typically considered part of an ethical framework for public health emergencies?
• In a randomized clinical trial, what is the major purpose of random assignment?
• In environmental health assessment for air quality exposure using PM2.5 as an example, which approach is used?
• Which statement accurately describes the global adoption of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control?
• Bioethics in public health is best described as balancing which considerations?
• Which best describes Lean methodology in public health?
• What is selection bias?
• Which level is typically considered acceptable for statistical power?
• Which describes the three levels of prevention?
• Which statement correctly differentiates efficiency from effectiveness in program evaluation?
• Interpretation of 95% confidence interval.
• Which option represents a typical step in outbreak investigation?
• Retrospective cohort studies are characterized by all of the following except?
• Which of the following are essential elements of informed consent in public health research?
• If disease prevalence increases, what happens to the positive predictive value of a fixed test?
• A clinician uses a new HIV screening test not yet FDA-approved. You test positive. Which statistic would help you figure your probability of being HIV positive?
• In what scenario is the odds ratio a good approximation of relative risk?
• How is a health impact assessment defined in practice?
• Outcome evaluation primarily assesses:
• Which option describes a case-control study?
• In the Atlantis TB data, the number 264 on June 30, 2003 represents which measure?
• Health literacy is defined as the ability to obtain, process, and understand health information.
• Which formula correctly defines specificity?
• How would you assess program reach and fidelity?
• Which study design is typically used to examine exposure and disease by following exposed and unexposed groups over time?
• What is a grant proposal typical structure in public health funding?
• Which of the following is a case-control study?
• What are key components of health disparity assessment?
• In health communication campaign planning, choosing channels is primarily about
• What is a p-value?
• If a 95% confidence interval includes the null value, what can be inferred about statistical significance at the 0.05 level?
• What is a confidence interval?
• In a small pilot study, 12 women with endometrial cancer and 12 controls matched on age, race, weight, and parity, and asked about estrogen use, what study design is this?
• Which metric depends on disease prevalence when interpreting a positive test result?
• In evaluation, how are qualitative and quantitative data different?
• Which steps comprise the PDSA cycle in quality improvement?
• In a case-control study, which of the following is a potential problem?
• In environmental risk assessment, which item represents a main step that identifies hazards?
• What is the primary focus of occupational health?
• Which statement best describes the difference between incidence and prevalence?
• Double blinding in a trial primarily helps prevent bias in which aspect?
• Which statement about odds ratio is true?
• The Baltimore study described, in which a group was asked about alcohol consumption in 1965 and cancer occurrence was studied from 1981 to 1995, is an example of which study design?
• In a screening of 1,000 individuals with 70 diabetes cases at baseline, what is the prevalence per 100?
• Health equity is defined as:
• Which of the following describes social determinants of health?
• What is the primary role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
• Contact tracing involves:
• Which statement correctly defines prevalence?
• Which population figure served as the denominator when calculating TB incidence and prevalence in this dataset?
• How do appropriation and grant funding differ?
• Which entity has primary legal responsibility for protecting health?
• In the endometrial cancer case-control study, what technique was used to control for confounding?
• Which items are the social determinants of health as listed?
• Which approach can reduce confounding in a study?
• Informed consent is best described as:
• Which statement is true about the health effects of modern medicine and malnutrition status?
• In a cohort study, how is relative risk calculated?
• Which of the following is an example of formative evaluation in public health programming?
• During the 5-year follow-up, 35 new cases occurred among 930 disease-free individuals at baseline. What is the 5-year cumulative incidence among the previously non-diseased?
• Which statements about readability of health messages are true?
• Which statement correctly differentiates formative evaluation from process evaluation?
• Which participant would you actively recruit for an exercise and nutrition program, based on the preparation stage of change?
• What does a relative risk greater than 1 indicate in a cohort study?
• Which stage of the Transtheoretical Model describes someone who intends to take action in the near future but has not yet started?
• Ecologic fallacy refers to which concept?
• In the RE-AIM framework, which component addresses reach?
• Which item is not listed among the social determinants of health in the provided material?
• What is risk communication and why is it critical during public health emergencies?
• In a diabetes detection program with test A cutoff 165 mg/dl and test B cutoff 135 mg/dl, which statement is FALSE?
• What best defines risk communication in public health?
• Which of the following describes Type I and Type II errors?
• Counseling a diabetic patient to increase her exercise level is which level?
• Which surveillance system is most commonly used for rapid detection of emerging health events through near real-time data?
• Which of the following is NOT a common data source for public health surveillance?
• Which description best captures the aims of epidemiology?
• Which of the following is a strategy to achieve program sustainability after initial funding?
• Which of the following is one of the Ten Essential Public Health Services?
• The prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in the population as of June 30, 2003 was calculated to be 144 per 100,000. Which of the following values reflects this rate?
• Which feature is characteristic of a cross-sectional study?
• What is information bias from recall?
• When is health impact assessment (HIA) used?
• Which study design allows a subject to serve as their own control?
• Which data source is commonly used for public health surveillance?
• Which element is essential for effective risk communication during public health emergencies?
• What are the components of a logic model?
• What does a 95% confidence interval that does not include the null value indicate?
• Describe the role of GIS in public health surveillance.
• Which study type typically uses odds ratios as its measure of association?
• What is a logic model?
• Environmental health concerns how: