What constitutes an environmental justice concern in public health?

• A. Equal exposure across all neighborhoods.
• B. Disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards among marginalized groups; addressed through policy change, targeted interventions, and advocacy.
• C. Overfunding in wealthy areas.
• D. Lack of water supply.

Answer: (B)

Environmental justice focuses on fairness in how environmental risks and burdens are distributed across populations. When marginalized groups experience higher exposure to hazards such as pollution, contaminated water, or toxic waste, it signals an inequitable system that puts certain communities at greater risk. The best option names this disproportionate exposure and points to the actions needed to address it—policy changes, targeted interventions, and advocacy to reduce those disparities.

Describing equal exposure would imply fairness, which isn’t a concern here. Overfunding in wealthy areas isn’t about who bears environmental harms, and while lack of water supply is serious, it doesn’t by itself specify the unequal distribution of risk or the corresponding policy and advocacy responses central to environmental justice.